Suspension bridges and skyscrapers
are marvels of modern engineering, but some of the world's most
impressive constructions are thousands of years behind us. The Roman
Colosseum is one such wonder, marking a crucial transition point between
two vastly different ages of construction.
For our list of the 20 Most Impressive Ancient Builds (at least ones that are still partially around) we'll use the Romans' iconic stadium as our starting point and dip further back in time to explore the depth and breadth of building before the common era.
For our list of the 20 Most Impressive Ancient Builds (at least ones that are still partially around) we'll use the Romans' iconic stadium as our starting point and dip further back in time to explore the depth and breadth of building before the common era.
The Great Wall of China
Northern China, 210 B.C.
Nobody wants barbarians from the north entering their land. That's why Chinese Emperor Qin Shi Huang commissioned the start of what is now the Great Wall of China in the third century B.C. Made up of sections of walls that cover nearly 4,000 miles—not including another roughly 1,500 miles of natural barriers—the east-west wall uses stone, brick, wood, and earth to create a physical and psychological barrier. Much of the original wall didn't stand the test of time, but the Ming dynasty in the 1300s started a building push that made the Great Wall the wonder it is today.
Temple of Hera
Italy, 550 B.C.
Originally surrounded by 40 stone columns (originally wood) the Doric style exterior of the low-slung Temple of Hera was built on the south slopes of Kronos hill, complete with three distinct interior chambers. Interior walls broke up worship areas for different Greek gods, rooms which later became a home for some of Rome's ancient relics. The temple has a limestone base which runs east to west, longer than it is wide. Mud bricks, meanwhile, form the upper portion with wood and terracotta adorning the temple's interior. Unfortunately most of it was destroyed during an earthquake in the 4th century AD.
The Parthenon On The Acropolis
Originally surrounded by 40 stone columns (originally wood) the Doric style exterior of the low-slung Temple of Hera was built on the south slopes of Kronos hill, complete with three distinct interior chambers. Interior walls broke up worship areas for different Greek gods, rooms which later became a home for some of Rome's ancient relics. The temple has a limestone base which runs east to west, longer than it is wide. Mud bricks, meanwhile, form the upper portion with wood and terracotta adorning the temple's interior. Unfortunately most of it was destroyed during an earthquake in the 4th century AD.
The Parthenon On The Acropolis
Athens, 432 B.C.
The first buildings constructed on the the rocky outcrop of the Acropolis of Athens were destroyed by Persians around 480 B.C., but that didn't stop a second 15-year effort from finishing a complete reconstruction that wrapped up around 432 B.C. The highlight of the Acropolis was the Parthenon and its gold and ivory statue of Athena, but there was plenty of other stuff to see, including the limestone foundation and columns made from Pentelic marble, an early use of the material.
The first buildings constructed on the the rocky outcrop of the Acropolis of Athens were destroyed by Persians around 480 B.C., but that didn't stop a second 15-year effort from finishing a complete reconstruction that wrapped up around 432 B.C. The highlight of the Acropolis was the Parthenon and its gold and ivory statue of Athena, but there was plenty of other stuff to see, including the limestone foundation and columns made from Pentelic marble, an early use of the material.
Gobekli Tepe
Megalithic Temples
Malta, 3,500 B.C.
Aqueduct of Segovia
The Roman Colosseum
La Hougue Bie
Van Fortress
Persepolis Gate of Nations
Sanchi Stupa
India, 300 B.C.
Pons Fabricius
Turkey, 9000 B.C.
Considered to be the world's first temple, the Gobekli Tepe contains at least 20 circular installations that contain several pillars surrounded by walls, some 200 pillars throughout the whole temple. The site is also home to rock statues with carvings of animals—foxes, snakes, wild boars, cranes and wild ducks—that could date back as far as 10,000 BC. Perhaps most interestingly, some of the construction features pillars that are T-shaped and weigh over 60 tons, leaving experts unsure of how such primitive humans accomplished such a difficult and complex task.
Tumulus of Bugon
Carnac Stones
Considered to be the world's first temple, the Gobekli Tepe contains at least 20 circular installations that contain several pillars surrounded by walls, some 200 pillars throughout the whole temple. The site is also home to rock statues with carvings of animals—foxes, snakes, wild boars, cranes and wild ducks—that could date back as far as 10,000 BC. Perhaps most interestingly, some of the construction features pillars that are T-shaped and weigh over 60 tons, leaving experts unsure of how such primitive humans accomplished such a difficult and complex task.
France, 4700 B.C.
On a limestone plateau near the river Bougon is a stepped mound with a rectangular chamber, the Tumulus of Bougon. Inside the ancient mound is a series of passages and chamber walls formed by human-shaped orthostats, or out more simply "upright stones." A 90-ton capstone covers the main chamber, with the monolithic pillars dividing the room up into smaller subsections. When discovered, the location was filled with several vertical layers of skeletons and lots of pottery, which helped archaeologists identify the timeline of construction and discover just how early and impressive this structure is.
Stonehenge
England, 3000 B.C.
On a limestone plateau near the river Bougon is a stepped mound with a rectangular chamber, the Tumulus of Bougon. Inside the ancient mound is a series of passages and chamber walls formed by human-shaped orthostats, or out more simply "upright stones." A 90-ton capstone covers the main chamber, with the monolithic pillars dividing the room up into smaller subsections. When discovered, the location was filled with several vertical layers of skeletons and lots of pottery, which helped archaeologists identify the timeline of construction and discover just how early and impressive this structure is.
England, 3000 B.C.
The
widely famous Stonehenge is built from a mix of large sarsen stones—a
type of sandstone found naturally in the south of England—and smaller
bluestones. The largest sarsen stone, believed to be from Marlborough
Downs about 20 miles from the site, weighs about 30 tons. The
Wales-derived blue stones weigh between two and five tons each and were
likely carried over 150 miles to reach their final resting place at the
Stonehenge site.
Carnac Stones
France, 3300 B.C.
The year 3300 B.C. sound a little too recent for the world's largest collection of standing stones? It's a relatively conservative guess. Some believe some of the stones that form the array known as the Carnac Stones in the Brittany region of France date all the way back to 4500 B.C. Many have guessed at the possible purpose of the megalithic site which may have been used to track to movement of the sun or the stars. We may never really know, but the sheer intensity of so hundreds and hundreds of carved stones placed in such a regimented order is compelling food for speculation.
Knap of Howar
The year 3300 B.C. sound a little too recent for the world's largest collection of standing stones? It's a relatively conservative guess. Some believe some of the stones that form the array known as the Carnac Stones in the Brittany region of France date all the way back to 4500 B.C. Many have guessed at the possible purpose of the megalithic site which may have been used to track to movement of the sun or the stars. We may never really know, but the sheer intensity of so hundreds and hundreds of carved stones placed in such a regimented order is compelling food for speculation.
Scotland, 3700 B.C.
It may seem like just a stone house, but the Knap of Howar in Scotland is actually the oldest preserved stone house in northern Europe. The farmstead's two buildings connected by a passage were built with split stone to a height of just over five feet and feature doorways facing the sea. A hole in the roof indicates the home was likely heated by fire and stone furniture found provides an even stronger indication that this was once an ancient residence.
It may seem like just a stone house, but the Knap of Howar in Scotland is actually the oldest preserved stone house in northern Europe. The farmstead's two buildings connected by a passage were built with split stone to a height of just over five feet and feature doorways facing the sea. A hole in the roof indicates the home was likely heated by fire and stone furniture found provides an even stronger indication that this was once an ancient residence.
Malta, 3,500 B.C.
A
collection of six different temples built over hundreds of years in
Malta, the Megalithic Temples are noteworthy not only for their
originality and complexity, but due to the advanced technical skill that
would have been required to build some of the earliest known
freestanding stone structures. Each monument had a different
articulation and construction, and the exteriors were often hard
coralline limestone, while softer globigerina limestone use used for a
more delicate and ornate interior.
Newgrange
Ireland, 3200 B.C.
On roughly four days every year, the winter solstice sun pokes through the top of this Stone Age monument and onto the floor of the interior chamber, filling the ancient temple with light for about 17 minutes. Built before Stonehenge, Newgrange was likely used to track the passing of the years with a precision ahead of its time. With an earthen mound and stone forming passageways and chambers inside Newgrange, the site likely also served as a passage tomb and ceremonial location as well as highly engineered clock.
Sechin Bajo
On roughly four days every year, the winter solstice sun pokes through the top of this Stone Age monument and onto the floor of the interior chamber, filling the ancient temple with light for about 17 minutes. Built before Stonehenge, Newgrange was likely used to track the passing of the years with a precision ahead of its time. With an earthen mound and stone forming passageways and chambers inside Newgrange, the site likely also served as a passage tomb and ceremonial location as well as highly engineered clock.
Peru, 1,300 B.C.
The vast majority of the world's most imposing ancient structures are found in the Eastern Hemisphere, but Peru's Sechin Bajo can't be overlooked. One of the oldest archaeological sites in the Americas, the valley-based civilization's impressive build was opened up to the world in 2008 after the discovery of a circular adobe brick and rock plaza over 30 feet in diameter. That, along with a nearby frieze standing over six feet tall served as archeologists' first look at the area. Eventually additional buildings with platforms, circular plazas, sunken features, friezes, graveyards, and walls with carvings have been uncovered, many built with pre-ceramic materials.
Theatre of Marcellus
Rome, 12 B.C.
The vast majority of the world's most imposing ancient structures are found in the Eastern Hemisphere, but Peru's Sechin Bajo can't be overlooked. One of the oldest archaeological sites in the Americas, the valley-based civilization's impressive build was opened up to the world in 2008 after the discovery of a circular adobe brick and rock plaza over 30 feet in diameter. That, along with a nearby frieze standing over six feet tall served as archeologists' first look at the area. Eventually additional buildings with platforms, circular plazas, sunken features, friezes, graveyards, and walls with carvings have been uncovered, many built with pre-ceramic materials.
Rome, 12 B.C.
Rome's Theatre of Marcellus has a star-studded past. Commissioned by
Julius Caesar and later inaugurated by Augustus, the architecture of the
columned building became the template for countless theaters and
stadiums to follow. The Theatre of Marcellus was an open-air venue that
could hold 20,000 spectators and included a semicircular travertine
façade, arches, Doric columns, and three levels of seating. The
intricate design included stairways, ramps and even an open-air backdrop
seen behind the stage.
Aqueduct of Segovia
Segovia, Spain, 50 A.D.
It's the useful things that tend to be the best preserved, which is why the crucial Aqueduct of Segovia in Spain is one of the best surviving examples of an ancient aqueduct. Likely build around 50 AD, just a few decades before the Colosseum, it was carrying water from the Frio River to the Spanish town of Segovia into the 1900s. Made of 24,000 granite blocks—and no mortar, mind you—it covers over eight miles of undulating landscape. With 165 arches that reach over 30 feet high, the two-story aqueduct was built with great precision, which is why it's still around today.
It's the useful things that tend to be the best preserved, which is why the crucial Aqueduct of Segovia in Spain is one of the best surviving examples of an ancient aqueduct. Likely build around 50 AD, just a few decades before the Colosseum, it was carrying water from the Frio River to the Spanish town of Segovia into the 1900s. Made of 24,000 granite blocks—and no mortar, mind you—it covers over eight miles of undulating landscape. With 165 arches that reach over 30 feet high, the two-story aqueduct was built with great precision, which is why it's still around today.
The Roman Colosseum
Rome, 80 A.D.
At 620 feet long and 513 feet wide, the Colosseum in Rome was easily the largest amphitheater around when it was in its prime, yet it wasn't built into a hillside for support like many other large structures of the time. Instead, it was a fully freestanding stadium with a foundation of concrete and stone that could provide seating for 50,000 visitors in multiple seating configurations and levels. On top of that, the Colosseum's 80 awning-covered arches lead visitors into an arena that was so well-engineered that it could even be flooded with water to support aquatic events.
At 620 feet long and 513 feet wide, the Colosseum in Rome was easily the largest amphitheater around when it was in its prime, yet it wasn't built into a hillside for support like many other large structures of the time. Instead, it was a fully freestanding stadium with a foundation of concrete and stone that could provide seating for 50,000 visitors in multiple seating configurations and levels. On top of that, the Colosseum's 80 awning-covered arches lead visitors into an arena that was so well-engineered that it could even be flooded with water to support aquatic events.
Jersey, 3500 B.C.
The La Hougue Bie on the island of Jersey off the coast of Normandy, France, has a two histories. When it was first built around 3500 BC it served as a passage grave, one of the tallest in Europe. It was also a religious site, marked by a medieval chapel sitting atop the prehistoric mound dolmen—a grave marked by upright stone. Then, in its second life, it was home to a command bunker built during the German Occupation of World War II.
Egypt's Pyramids
Egypt, Centuries around 2500 B.C.
The La Hougue Bie on the island of Jersey off the coast of Normandy, France, has a two histories. When it was first built around 3500 BC it served as a passage grave, one of the tallest in Europe. It was also a religious site, marked by a medieval chapel sitting atop the prehistoric mound dolmen—a grave marked by upright stone. Then, in its second life, it was home to a command bunker built during the German Occupation of World War II.
Egypt, Centuries around 2500 B.C.
Nothing proves showcased the might of Egypt's Old
Kingdom better than the powerful building effort of the late third
dynasty pyramids, especially the majestic Great Sphinx of Giza built
around 2530 B.C. Construction of pyramids really stepped up in 2600 when
the mud-brick tombs started taking their iconic shape thanks to stepped
layers of stone. They were, at the time, surrounded by shrines and
courtyards, even temples. Where the original pyramid reached some 204
feet tall, the Great Pyramid of Khufu rose to over 481 feet and required
millions of blocks of stone—about two and a half tons each. Each was
hand-cut, and the whole process required thousands of workers to haul
the materials into place.
Turkey, 750 B.C.
Started in around 900 B.C. with construction finally
wrapped over a century later, Van Fortress sits on a steep bluff that
overlooks Tushpa, the ancient capital of Urartian near the modern city
of Van in Turkey. With the lower portions of the walls made of
unmortared basalt and mud bricks that form the remainder, Van Fortress
is more a symbol of regional power more than one of military dominance,
but has changed hands no less than a dozen times regardless.
Persepolis Gate of Nations
Persia (now Iran), 470 B.C.
Rituals designed to ward off evil in ancient Persia involved the use of bulls and the deity lamassu—a human head on an animal body with wings. And when King Xerxes set to building the Persepolis Gate of Nations, they played a part, as did imposing 52-foot columns with ornate engravings. A pair of carved bulls marked the entrance on one end of the gate, while a carved lamassu decorated the opposite end. Not only were the size of carvings impressive for the time, but the detailing was also extravagant. A hall between the two carved gates led to a third, wider south entrance. The wooden interior pivoting doors were covered in metal, likely etched in much of the same style as the great hall.
Rituals designed to ward off evil in ancient Persia involved the use of bulls and the deity lamassu—a human head on an animal body with wings. And when King Xerxes set to building the Persepolis Gate of Nations, they played a part, as did imposing 52-foot columns with ornate engravings. A pair of carved bulls marked the entrance on one end of the gate, while a carved lamassu decorated the opposite end. Not only were the size of carvings impressive for the time, but the detailing was also extravagant. A hall between the two carved gates led to a third, wider south entrance. The wooden interior pivoting doors were covered in metal, likely etched in much of the same style as the great hall.
India, 300 B.C.
The hemisphere-like shape known as the stupa is a common sight in
Buddhist architecture and Sanchi Stupa is perhaps the most famous of the
ancient examples. One of the oldest stone structures in India, the
stupa covering was built to shelter the remains of a Buddha. Carved
gateways, doorways with storytelling carvings, additional staircases,
and a top-level platform have been added in the hundreds of years since
the memorial's initial construction in 300 BC.
Pons Fabricius
Rome, 62 B.C.
Pons Fabricius may not be the oldest bridge still in use (it's believed to be the second oldest) but it is maybe the most impressive. Spanning from the east bank of the Tiber River to Tiber Island in the middle, Pons Fabricius helps pedestrians stroll to the Theatre of Marcellus, detailed above. 203 feet long and 18 feet wide, the stone arch bridge displays a bit of fanciful design on its two marble pillars. Constructed with tuff and peperino stone (both a volcanic ash mixture) the bridge was once covered in travertine though now, thanks to repairs, there is some brick in there too. The cleverest part of the bridge's design is an additional arch in the center pier which gives high waters an escape route and alleviates pressure on the hefty foundation. That's no doubt a big factor in why it's still around today.
This incredible summary with many thanks to Popular Mechanics
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Pons Fabricius may not be the oldest bridge still in use (it's believed to be the second oldest) but it is maybe the most impressive. Spanning from the east bank of the Tiber River to Tiber Island in the middle, Pons Fabricius helps pedestrians stroll to the Theatre of Marcellus, detailed above. 203 feet long and 18 feet wide, the stone arch bridge displays a bit of fanciful design on its two marble pillars. Constructed with tuff and peperino stone (both a volcanic ash mixture) the bridge was once covered in travertine though now, thanks to repairs, there is some brick in there too. The cleverest part of the bridge's design is an additional arch in the center pier which gives high waters an escape route and alleviates pressure on the hefty foundation. That's no doubt a big factor in why it's still around today.
This incredible summary with many thanks to Popular Mechanics
Some related posts:
Stonehenge: A Breakthrough In An Age-old Mystery?
Chauvet Cave Paintings: Cave Women Left Their Artistic Mark
Colossal Pharaoh Statues of Amenhotep III Found in Egypt’s Temple City Luxor
Lost City of Heracleion Gives Up Its Secrets
Shilling Discovery 'Could' Rewrite Canadian History
Fake Pharaoh: Tutankhamun Replica To Safeguard Original Tomb
10,000-year-old House Uncovered Outside Of Jerusalem
Great Zimbabwe
Rock-hewn Tombs From Ancient Egypt Discovered In Aswan
Europe's Oldest Human Footprints Found: 900,000 Year-old Norfolk Footprints 'Definitely Human”
First Pharaoh Ruled Ancient Egypt Earlier Than First Thought
The Antikythera Mechanism - The World's Oldest Known Computer
Archaeologists Digging Up Cecile B DeMille's Movie Treasures
The Lost Technology of Ancient Egyptians
The Elgin Marbles - A Continuing Controversy
Zeugma: 2,000-Year-Old Mosaics Uncovered In Turkey
Five Lost Cities
China's Lost Civilization: The Mystery Of Sanxingdui
Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh
Ancient Tomb in Amphipolis Revealed
Easter Island: Scientists Are Closer To Understanding What Wiped Out Its Society
The World’s Priceless Treasures
Relief of Queen Nefertiti
Gold Treasures Discovered in Ming Dynasty Tomb
Unique Mosaic Images Uncovered in Fifth-Century Synagogue
Philip of Macedonia, Greece’s Ancient King, Found
Queen Nefertiti: Was She Hidden In King Tutankhamun’s Tomb?
The Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain
The Antikythera Mechanism: Second Expedition Seeks More Mechanism Remains
Discovery Of Ancient Cave Paintings In Petra
Scientists Find ‘Superhenge’ That Could Be Five Times The Area Of Stonehenge
New Clues to Ancient Roman Art Discovered in Egyptian Mummy Portraits
Babylonians Tracked Jupiter with Fancy Math, Tablet Reveals
Rome Reborn – An Amazing Digital Model of Ancient Rome
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The Holigost: 600 Year Old Pride of Henry V’s Fleet May Have Been Found
Ippolito Rosellini: The Monuments of Egypt And Nubia
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Amenhotep’s Fragmented Book Of The Dead Found
Acra: Ancient Citadel Unearthed In Jerusalem
Glastonbury Legends, King Arthur’s ‘Grave’, Made Up For Cash By Monks
Is Queen Nefertiti Buried In King Tutankhaman’s Tomb? - Latest News
King Hezekiah's Seal Impression Found
Spanish Galleon San Jose Discovered Laden With Treasure Off Colombia
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Shipwreck Discovered From Explorer Vasco da Gama's Fleet
Ancestral Puebloans Were Hit By Boom and Bust
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Queen Hatshepsut's Building Blocks Discovered
What’s REALLY Inside A Pyramid:1st 3D Images Created Using Cosmic Particles
Dagger in King Tut's Tomb Was Made With Iron From A Meteorite
Rare Ancient Greek Gold Crown Discovered Under A Bed.
Team Testing New Scanner on Egypt's Great Pyramid
Ancient Mayan Observatory Was Used To Track Venus And Mars
Has The Gateway to Ancient Greek God's Compound Been Uncovered?
Archaeologists Find 22 Ancient Greek Shipwrecks
Archaeologists Reveal Probable Sites Of Two Missions That Predate The Alamo
Palace Found At Tintagel, Fabled Birthplace Of King Arthur
Marble Statues of Aphrodite Unearthed At Petra
Did the Greeks Help Sculpt China's Terra Cotta Warriors?
Egyptian Mummy And Temple 4200 Years Old With Well-Preserved Art Revealed
